What is the function of the DNS TTL (Time-to-Live) on a record, and what tradeoff exists between very short and very long TTL values?

• A.DNS TTL controls the frequency of zone transfers between primary and secondary DNS servers
• B.DNS TTL specifies the maximum hop count for DNS queries; after the TTL decrements to 0 at the 16th resolver, the query is dropped
• C.DNS TTL specifies how long (in seconds) a recursive resolver or client caches the record before re-querying the authoritative server. Very short TTL (e.g., 60s): changes propagate quickly (useful before server migration or IP change) but increases query load on authoritative DNS servers. Very long TTL (e.g., 86400s/24h): reduces DNS query load but changes take up to the TTL duration to propagate globally
• D.DNS TTL is a security feature that expires old DNS records automatically when IP addresses change; it has no performance impact