Access Control List (ACL)

A list of permissions attached to an object that specifies which users or system processes are granted access to resourc...

Privilege Escalation

An attack where a user gains elevated access to resources that are normally protected, beyond what their assigned permis...

Hashing

A one-way function that converts input data of any size into a fixed-length string of characters (hash value or digest),...

AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)

A symmetric block cipher algorithm adopted by the U.S. government as the standard for encrypting electronic data, replac...

Ransomware

A type of malware that encrypts a victim's files or locks system access and demands a ransom payment (typically in crypt...

Rootkit

A collection of software tools that enables unauthorized access to a computer while actively hiding its presence from th...

Spear Phishing

A targeted phishing attack directed at a specific individual, organization, or role using personalized information gathe...

Volatile Memory

Computer memory (RAM) that loses its contents when power is removed, making it a time-critical source of forensic eviden...