UK GDPR / DPA 2018
UK GDPR and Data Protection Act 2018
The UK's retained version of the GDPR, read together with the Data Protection Act 2018, which adds exemptions, law enforcement and intelligence processing rules, and the ICO's powers.
In force: DPA 2018 in force from May 2018; UK GDPR has applied since the end of the Brexit transition (1 January 2021); amended by the Data (Use and Access) Act 2025
Who it applies to
Controllers and processors established in the UK, and organisations outside the UK that offer goods or services to, or monitor, people in the UK.
Key requirements
- Lawful basis and the data protection principles, broadly mirroring the EU GDPR.
- Individual rights including access, erasure, objection and rights around automated decisions.
- Appropriate security of processing.
- DPIAs for high-risk processing and records of processing.
- Safeguards for international transfers, such as adequacy regulations or the International Data Transfer Agreement.
- Payment of the data protection fee to the ICO unless exempt.
Breach and incident notification
Report a notifiable personal data breach to the ICO without undue delay and, where feasible, within 72 hours of becoming aware. Tell affected individuals without undue delay when there is a high risk to them.
Penalties
Fines of up to GBP 17.5 million or 4% of total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher, for the most serious infringements.
Related frameworks
Shows up on these exams
Official source
ICO: UK GDPR guidance and resourcesNot legal advice
This is a study summary, not legal advice. Laws and their guidance change, and obligations depend on your facts and jurisdiction. Check the official source and the current, dated text, and consult a qualified lawyer before acting.
Go deeper
Privacy lab
Practise this topic hands-on.
Breach timeline lab
Practise this topic hands-on.
UK NIS Regulations
United Kingdom - Critical infrastructure
Computer Misuse Act
United Kingdom - Cybercrime
PECR
United Kingdom - Privacy & data protection
GDPR
European Union - Privacy & data protection
ePrivacy
European Union - Privacy & data protection
COPPA
United States (federal) - Privacy & data protection